James Tenney (1934-2006) was an American composer and music theorist. A student of composition under Carl Ruggles,
John Cage, Harry Partch, and Edgard Varèse—remaining close to all of them, and later performing in both Cage and Partch's ensembles—as well as acoustics, information theory, and tape music composition under Lejaren Hiller, Tenney carved a wide path within the contexts of experimental and avant-garde music during the second half of the 20th Century. Not only was he a tangible bridge between the generations of composer's who laid much of the groundwork and the later movements of
Fluxus,
Minimalism, and the broader practices of experimental music, but Tenney is credited as having contributed one of the earliest applications of gestalt theory and cognitive science to music in 1961, before helping to pioneer the field of computer music at Bell Labs, during the following years.
Over the course of his career, Tenney produced music of such complexity and sophistication—paying little mind to the seductions of taste or dominant tropes of its own moment—that his work and legacy have largely remained under-recognised by the broader publics that have attended to most of his peers. Perhaps more pertinently, the body of work he produced can be perceived as too varied and complex to fit neatly within standard creative histories or critical frameworks, comprising harmonically complex works for acoustic instrumentation, musique concrète, the groundbreaking 1961 "plunderphonic" composition, "Collage No.1 (Blue Suede) (for tape)"—sampling and manipulating a recording of Elvis Presley—as well as algorithmic and computer synthesized music. Even here, within this single decade, a clear image of Tenney's endeavours remains elusive. In addition to penning important theoretical texts, he collaborated and / or played with
Max Neuhaus,
La Monte Young, Steve Reich, Philip Glass,
Michael Snow,
Terry Riley, and numerous others; was an active member of Fluxus; starred in and composed music for Stan Brackage's films; regularly worked with the Judson Dance Theater; co-founded and played in the ensemble, Tone Roads, with Malcolm Goldstein and
Philip Corner; was a vocal advocate of the works of Conlon Nancarrow and Charles Ives, playing a significant part in the revival of both of their legacies; and regularly collaborated as a composer, musician, and actor with his then-partner, the artist
Carolee Schneemann, notably co-starring in her film, "Fuses" (1965) and her legendary 1964 performance, "Meat Joy", as well as creating sound collages for her films "Viet Flakes" (1965) and "Snows" (1970). Curiously, for a relatively absent figure in the historical and critical narratives, Tenney seems to have been the thread that bound multiple generations and disciplines of avant-garde practice in New York during this period.
Tenney was deeply invested in the quality and perception of sound. By 1970, this led him back to composing exclusively for acoustic instrumentation (though sometimes processed with tape delay)—in most cases utilising non-well tempered tuning systems to explore harmonic perception—a practice that he would remain steadfast to for the remainder of his life. This development roughly corresponded with his relocation to California, at the outset of the 1970s, following an invitation to teach at the newly founded music department at
California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in Valencia. Finding himself in regular contact with the harpist Susan Allen and the artist
Alison Knowles, as well as at a great distance from many of his friends, in 1971 he completed (with the assistance of Knowles and Marie McRoy) "The Postal Pieces", a project he had begun in 1965.
